nucleus - Definition, Components, Structure.

A nucleus is a brain, a block box, and a functional system which has the blueprint of a whole organism and is mainly responsible for the functioning of a cell. The Nucleus is a membrane-bound organism within which the maximum genetic material is being incorporated in a very complex nature and form. This method of packaging a information for the formation of a total individual organism is "The Spindle Fibre Formation" where the DNA wraps itself in the form of a spindle around the protein molecule.

Bio-Guide. A Excellent Biological Guide And Friend.: BioGuide; An enhanced guide to the field of Biolog...

Bio-Guide. A Excellent Biological Guide And Friend.: BioGuide; An enhanced guide to the field of Biolog...: BIOLOGY An interdisciplinary subject where all othe r subject comes together in function, and plays a versatile role in the understand...

Animal Cell - Definition, Components, Function | Bioguide.

The Animal Cell.

 The animal cell is one of the most complex and complicated cells to function in the process of living. They are also called the "eukaryotic cells" which forms the basic unit or the building block of every individual living organism in this earth. Being a eukaryotic cell means they have a true nucleus and have specialized cell organelles packed by the specific cell membrane. These cell organelles perform a complex function and help a living organism to survive.
The cell organelles which, makes up an animal cell are:

• Nucleus(The Nucleus is the central part which maintains all the functioning of the cell and carries the genetic information in the forms of codons and passes on to the next generation).

• Golgi Apparatus(The Golgi Apparatus does the process of transporting, modifying and packaging of lipids and proteins into vesicles to the targeted destination).

• Endoplasmic Reticulum(The ER modifies and transports proteins that are produced by the ribosomes).

• Centrosomes(The Centrosomes is the main place where the cell microtubules is arranged and it regulates the cell division cycle).

                                         

• Mitochondria(The Mitochondria acts as a powerhouse by providing energy to the cell, which is produced during the conversion of NADPH to Atp).

• Ribosomes(A place for the synthesis of proteins).

• Cytosol(The Cytosol is the liquid matter within the cell on which all the cell organelles are suspended in it except for the nucleus).
• Cytoskeleton(The Cytoskeleton is a fibrous mesh-like structure that plays the major role by providing shape, structure, strength, stabilize tissue, anchors organelles within the cell, and has a role in cell signalling).

• Vesicles(The Vesicles are the small spheres of lipid bilayer. They are used for transporting molecules within the cell from one organelle to another and also plays a role in the process of metabolism).

• Cell Membrane(The cell membrane is the outer covering layer of the animal cell. Its function is to allow the passage of certain selective molecules in and out of the cell).

 

Plants response to light. | Its Movements and response to light.

Plants response to light. | Its Movements and response to light.

We have always noticed that plants have a very good response and a noticeable reflex to light. 
Light plays a major role in the life f a plant. Light is the main ingredients in the process of making their own food by the process that we boldly know as " Photosynthesis".
This process of using light for growth and making food for itself is stated as " Photomorphogenesis".

Plants responses to light and this can be notices clearly by noticing the movement of a plant. Plants have a inborn tendency to move in the direction of light, and the very good example for this movement can be noticed in a " Sunflower" plant, where the sunflower moves to the direction of the sun during the day time. Another more effective example of a plants response toward light can be noticed in another well known plant " Touch me not" plant, which opens its leaves during the day time to receives more sunlight to make food and closes its leaves during the night.

This whole process of movement of a plant and its response to light is termed as "Phototropism". In the process of phototropism, a plant has the ability to move towards or away from the light source according to the need. The movements are being totally controlled by the hormone"Auxin". Auxin is responsible for plant growth and elongation.

Phototropism results in a rapid and accelerated growth in the plant by the release of auxin in the cells. In order to move toward the light source the cells away from the light intend to grow faster and leads to bending of the plant. This process is mainly explained by the acid growth hypothesis, which clearly explains that the release of auxins in the cells triggers the proton pump inside the cell membrane, which lowers down the pH of the cell to such a extent that the hydrogen bond holing the cellulose fibres gets broken apart and the cell wall attains a greater flexibility and elongability and expandability. Resulting in the bending of the plant towards or away from the light source.

Another most interesting process of response of a plant towards light is by the process of "Photoperiodism". Potoperiodism is one of the most important process in the life of a plant. The pigment shift between the two forms based on whether it receives more red or far red light or blue lights. The reaction and process involves some of the most important systems in the plant like seed germination, stem elongation, dormancy and blooming in daylight sensitive plants.

In this process the plants reaction to dark and light is controlled the "phytochrome " pigments in the plants leaves. Photoperiodism is also responsible for the stimulation of dormancy.

What is Cell?...

The "CELL"!!!......... What is "CELL"???????

The basic building block of a living organism is called as "CELL". 

Cells are the smallest unit of a living organism. Each cell in a collective manner forms a complete organ which later on develops to a total organism. Cells from the basic functional and structural unit of all living organisms. 

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek was the first person to discover and see a live cell.

THE CELL THEORY: -

The cell theory was formulated by both Matthias Schleiden (Observed and examined a large number of plant cells and stated that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells which form the tissue of the plant) Theodor Schwann (Studied different types of animal cells and reported that cells had a little thin outer layer which is known to be as the PLASMA MEMBRANE) which stated that bodies of animals and plants are composed of calls and products of cells.
Rudolf Virchow (1855) first explained that cells divided and the new cells were formed from the pre-existing cells(Omnis cellula-e-cellula). He later modified the hypothesis formulated by Schwann and Schleiden and gave it a final shape, which is today understood as: -

1. All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

 Classification of the cell: -

DIVERSITY in living organisms. What is Nomenclature?

DIVERSITY

The word Diversity can be clearly understood by looking around this vast world of living organisms live and proliferate at various condition. If we look around, then we will be able to see a vast variety of living organisms such as the plants, animals, microbes, and various other organisms. These organisms differ from each other is a number of physiological and metabolic characteristics. Because of this characteristic difference we are able to distinguish each and every organisms from the others. Therefore the processes by which we are able to differ the organism can be stated as DIVERSITY.

After the process of diversification, the process which comes in main need is the process of naming each and every organisms, which will be small and be a standard name that can be used all over the world. So, a process of naming the organisms was developed and named as "NOMENCLATURE". By this process it would be easier to classify each and every organism.

Next comes the process of identifying a particular organism so that it could be named in a correct way based on its characteristics. This process is called " Identification".

For plants, scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria, which are being provided by the " INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE(ICBN)". For animals it was by the "INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE(ICZN)".

Biologists follow the universally accepted process for naming a organism. Each name was divided into two components- The GENERIC NAME and The SPECIFIC EPITHET. This process of naming is called as "BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE". This naming system was given by "CAROLUS LINNAEUS".

For example: - Panthera tigris (Scientific name of TIGER).

The universal rules for writing the scientific names are as below: -

1. Biological names are generally in latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or derived from latin irrespective of their origin.
2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
3. Both the word in a biological name, when hand written, are separately understood, or printed in italics to indicate their latin origin.
4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example of Mangifera indica. 
5. Name of the author is written after the specific epithet,i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form,e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that the specific epithet was first described by Linnaeus.

What is living? | Definition | Processes | Examples etc.

LIVING????????????........

In the living world of biology, living can be conventionally and distinctively defined as the characteristics that a living organism exhibits and persists.

All living organisms Grow, Reproduce, Metabolism, Have Ability to Sense Environment and reflex a suitable response to a stimuli are some of the unique features that all living organisms posses.

All living organisms grow  from what is called as the building blocks of life" THE CELL". These cell grow and reproduce to create a particular living organism by undergoing several complex process of "Replication, Transformation, Translation" and various other minute complex processes. 

The cell divide themselves by the process of cell division, and this process continues throughout the life of a living individual especially in the case of plants. but in case of animals the growth occurs till a certain stage of life. 

Reproduction is another special process of living organism where a new progeny is formed from a older one, and the new one is either identical to the parents " As in case Plants", but in case of the animals the progeny are more or less similar to their parents which allows them to distinguish between them. In case of lower organisms true regeneration of the progeny is observed, where the parent either itself divides into two separate organism giving rise to the daughter cell or reproduce by the process of fragmentation.

Another important characteristics is "Metabolism". In this process all the chemical compounds which are solely involved in the process of living comes in action and plays some of the major roles by providing energy, stimulus, etc.

Another most important process is "Evolution". Life on earth began much earlier and from that point of time various organisms originated in this world. Among these organisms some of them got extinct due to several environmental catastrophies, and some other organisms which were resistant enough survived and managed to live and produce their progenies and continued their species. This process is defined as"Evolution". 

Therefore, we can say that living organisms are self-replicating, evolving and self regulating interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli. 

Classification of Carbohydrates.

Classification of Carbohydrates: -

What is Mutarotation?

Mutarotation: -

Mutarotation is a process of determination of the isomer of 
a chemical compound by passing a plane polarized light 
and observing it direction or pattern 
of rotation in a medium. 
In the process of Mutarotation, the isomeric compounds are
 abbreviated as D- & L- (example- D-Glucose & L- Glucose).

Reactions of Monosaccharides.

Reactions of monosaccharides: -

1.      Reaction with Phenylhydrazine: -

2.      Reaction with HNO3 & Bromine water: -

3.      Reaction with Sodium: -

What are Monosaccharides? There structure, and examples.

Monosaccharides: -

Monosaccharides, also knows as simple sugars are the monobasic units of carbohydrates. They cannot be further hydrolysed to simpler chemical compounds. Monosaccharides have their empirical formula of (C₆H₁₂O₆). They are colourless water-soluble, crystalline, sweet tested compounds.

Some of the examples of monosaccharides are the Glucose, Fructose & Galactose. Each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms, all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different physical structures and chemical properties.

Structure of monosaccharides: -

Monosaccharides having a chemical formula of C_mH_2nO_m. Monosaccharides can be determined by the “Carbon atom count” of a compound. Depending on the number of carbon atoms the monosaccharide compound can be named as triose (3), tetrose (4), pentose (5), hexose (6), heptose (7) and so on. But a certain exception lies where the empirical formula is not same for some of the monosaccharide compound such as the deoxyribose sugar moiety. Monosaccharides with more than eight carbon atoms are rare due to their instability in structural formation. Monosaccharides in aqueous solution exist as ring structures if they have more than four carbon atoms.

Two monosaccharide compounds have same structural configuration and arrangements can still be distinguished by their stereoisomers, which differ by the three-dimensional arrangements of their chemical bonds between compounds.

For the determination Fischer projection method is in best use to determine their differences by drawing a skeletal structure of an acyclic monosaccharide so that the handedness of each chiral carbon is well specified. Each stereoisomer of a simple open-chain monosaccharide can be identified by the positions (right or left) in the Fischer diagram of the chiral hydroxyls (the hydroxyls attached to the chiral carbons).

Disaccharides. Their Classification, Reducing sugar, Non-Reducing sugar.

Disaccharides: - 

Disaccharides defined can be as a second-degree complex carbohydrate compounds which are produces by formed by the attachment of two monosaccharide molecules by glycosidic linkage. Same as monosaccharides, disaccharides are also soluble in water. Some common examples of disaccharides are the Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose. The joining of the double sugar into a double sugar compound happens by the action of condensation reaction where the elimination of water molecules from the functional groups takes place. Breaking down a double sugar into its simplest sugar forms by the process of hydrolysis by the help of the enzyme disaccharidase.

Disaccharides can be classified into two functionally different classes: -

1.   Reducing Disaccharides/ Reducing Sugars.

2.      Non-Reducing Disaccharides/ Non-Reducing sugars.

Reducing sugar: -

A monosaccharide of the paired disaccharide, in which the reducing sugar has one free hemiacetal unit that can function as a reducing aldehyde group or a reducing ketone group. Examples of reducing sugars are the cellobiose and maltose, having a one free hemiacetal unit to function as a reducing aldehyde group and the other occupied by the glycosidic bond, preventing it from acting as a reducing sugar.

Non-Reducing sugar: -

Are those in which the component monosaccharides bond through acetal linkage between their anomeric carbons, this left a monosaccharide with no left out free hemiacetal unit to act as a reducing unit. Sucrose and Trehalosa are non-reducing sugars because their glycosidic bond are between their respective hemiacetal carbon atoms. The reduced activity of non-reducing sugars in comparison to reducing sugars, may be an advantage where stability in storage is important.

Osazone

Osazone reaction and formation: -

Osazone is a class of carbohydrate derivative which is obtained when a sugar molecule is being treated with excess of phenylhydrazine. In the process of Osazone reaction and formation, the presence of a free carbonyl (aldehyde or keto) group is essential. A monosaccharide is being heated to 100 degree-celsius in the presence of phenylhydrazine. The acetic acid is changed to sugar phenylhydrazone in the reaction which then further reacts with the left-over reagent to form sugar Osazone. A precipitate is formed having a characteristic yellow or orange microscopic crystals having characteristic melting point.

Carbohydrates.

CARBOHYDRATES: -

Carbohydrates are the one of the many other biomolecules of life which are in great use the living organisms and are composed of Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) and Oxygen(O) molecules. The carbohydrates are technically the hydrates of carbon and structurally they are most accurately viewed as the aldoses and ketoses. Carbohydrates play an important role by storing energy in the form of glucose and starch. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are combined in the ratio of  2:1, having an empirical formula of Cm(H2O)n.
The 'Biochemistry' based term of carbohydrate is 'Saccharide' which includes group of sugars, starch and cellulose.
The Saccharide are chemically grouped into four different types such as, Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Olligosaccharides and the Polysaccharide.
These four groups of Saccharides can be further divided to several other groups of compounds based on their chemical and structural compositions and how they react or behave on coming in contact with any other compounds.
The carbohydrate derivatives have the ability of forming 'Osazone' complex when sugars are reacted with excess of phenylhydrazine.
The sugar classes of carbohydrates are determined by the pyranose and furanose forms.

THE BIO WHISPERS.

THE BIO WHISPERS.

Coming out of those bookish and internet type definitions where they state BIOLOGY as a "natural science which deals only with life and living organisms and about there physical, chemical and morphological terms", lets see, think and explore biology as a very wide field where biology gets related withhh..... sayyy...  Human psychology, Geography, Space, Universe,Physics, Mathematics and what not....!!!!!!

So!!,

Life came to existence on this Earth some 4 billion years ago which was thought to be at that time a just formed hot planet, just cooling down after getting banged up by uncountable small particles of what we call as "atoms" which gradually grew up to a bigger mass called the planet Earth. 

At that time life was just as simple as some molecules of amino acid which are now thought as to be "came together due to the waves of water temperature and various other catastrophical factors. Which after undergoing many evolution's became able to replicate/divide and finally create what we are today.

So, biology just doesn't means only dealing with plants or the animals and finding out the antidotes of the diseases what they face. Biology is all about finding something new in this universe and thinking a bit differently about what life originally is and how it came to existence.

BioGuide; An enhanced guide to the field of Biology.

BIOLOGY

An interdisciplinary subject where all other subject comes together in function, and plays a versatile role in the understanding of various processes of life, their origin, evolutionary factors, resistance to different change and how they withstand those changes.

This blog will guide you through the various aspects of biology and ins role in various areas of a living being.

In this blog i will be talking to you about the various detailed aspects of biology which will help every one; from a student to a grown person.

There will be pictures, notes, videos from various sources which will be helping you in understanding about the topics.

So, please staytuned and follow my blogs, as it will a fun tour for all.

And please comment below your thought and queries and i will try to answer them.

Thank you,

Have a nice day.

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